Discourse analysis uses discriminative techniques to examine the concepts of power and ideology inherent in different texts. One of the most important approaches of discourse, is Laclau and Mouffe’s which adopts the concepts such as the separation of fixed and floating signifier, articulation, moments and elements, opposition and otherness to explore the implicit purposes in the texts. In this study, by using Laclau and Mouffe’s, we tried to analyze the "roots" novel discourse to indentify the approaches in the postcolonial literature. The views of people like Edward Said, Frantz Fanon and Homi Bhabha explain and interpret the post-colonial discourse analysis that would help us in this article. The main goal of this research is to identify the effective signifiers of the conflict between colonialist discourse and slavery, which forms the central ideology of the novel of the roots. Racism and slavery were among the important concepts in the discourse of colonialism, which contributed to the hegemonic process of discourse. On the other hand, concepts such as submission, retardation, violence and lack of accountability are also found in the discursive circle of African slavery. The dominance of colonial discourse in the roots of the novel is formed by the rejection of indigenous African concepts and culture and consolidating their western and American meanings in American dominant discourse.

This research presents an analytical critique of the tensions within the contact zone revealed in the travelogues by western women. Travel writing, as a literary genre, has often been marginalized in literary researches. Travelogues written by women have been doubly marginalized because in patriarchal societies, woman writers have been denied the credit that man writers have been granted. Western women have occupied an unsure position in the space between the discourse of colonialism and the discourse of femininity; therefore, they often reveal such encounters, interactions, and tensions in their texts-tensions that can seldom be found in men’s travel books. These tensions can be traced in the images that woman travelers offer of the East. The clash between the discourse of colonialism and the discourse of femininity during the nineteenth century gave rise to tensions that have shaped British women’s identity and influenced their social position.

Edward Said is regarded as the originator of colonial discourse theory. He deploys Michel Foucault’ s notion of discourse to accomplish his project in Orientalism and emphasizes Foucault’ s notion of discourse and its relation to power, rendering discourse a carceral system. Although Said explicitly expresses the similarity between Orientalism and Foucault’ s discourse theory, it seems he implicitly suggests that the carceral quality of Foucault’ s idea affects his formulation of Orientalism. This study examines the validity of Said’ s understanding of Foucault and shows that Said’ s construction of Orientalism is based on an imperfect image of Foucault. Argument here is to postulate that Foucault’ s discourse theory provides space for resistance and his theorization of power helps the idea of struggle in discursive practices. Besides, Foucault himself is trapped in a discourse produced by Said. This study casts light on Foucault’ s theory of discourse and modifies this misreading.

Postcolonial Studies is one of the new study areas about the issues of the third world. This critical attitude comprises a set of theoretical approaches that are accounting for colonial discourse analysis with emphasizing on the effect of colonialism on cultures. On the basis of this approach west scholars who study orientation are used to call it as "non-civilized other" to marginalize orients self. The ultimate goal of postcolonial studies is combating against colonialism and imperialism discourse and deconstructing it, but it is not sufficient to criticize the colonial discourse merely. Rather we need to use "self-criticism" for achieving a critical solution. In this research the students have been considered as a part of the enlightenment spectrum, so, 40 impersonal Tehran university students’ e-mails have been analyzed. In this research a lot of e-mails containing comparative themes toward being Iranian ornot have been purposively chosen and studied based on the post-colonial studies. After studying the e-mails based on Fairclough's critical discourse analysis, we came to this conclusion that 3 criteria are compatible with Orientalism that dominate on these e-mails. These criteria includes as asynchrony, negative making and totality making. It can be said that there is a considerable amount of Orientalism discourse in Tehran university students’e-mails and therefore a group of the elites have accepted symbolically their baseness alleged by the colonial discourse.

The question of how to confront the West has always been an important issue for Iranians and their political and intellectual elites. The Islamic Revolution of Iran was a product of such a concern. Ayatollah Morteza Motahari, as one of the most important ideologue of the Islamic Revolution, tried to provide an account of Islam that is able to compete with new Western ideologies, particularly Marxism, in order to prevent the youth from being attracted to such ideologies. He created new meanings and notions derived from religious, traditional and even modern roots. In this paper, the main question is how the West is represented in Motahari’ s political discourse. The post-colonial approach is the theoretical framework and Laclau and Mouffe’ s discourse analysis theory is the research method. The findings of the research indicate that Motahari through representation and creation of otherness draws an identity boundary between “ us” (Iranians) and the other (the West), and represents the latter with signifiers such as imperialist, exploiter, evil, cruel and darkness.

In Europe, in the early twentieth century, especially during and after World War I, colonial powers such as Britain witnessed their colonies fighting and protesting against the colonial rule. In Ireland, meanwhile, in April 1916, a nationwide uprising called Easter Uprising against British colonial rule took place. Although the colonialists suppressed the uprising, the aftershocks of that were reflected in Irish society and literature. As the national poet of Ireland, William Butler Yeats opposed the British colonial discourse in his aesthetic world, and in his poems by creating a mythical world, he was able to reflect the important issues of his time and oppose the colonial system. Therefore, in this study, using the postcolonial reading, an attempt has been made to draw a picture of Yeats’,policy of resistance in the poem “, Easter, 1996”,and several other works of this Irish poet. This study also shows how the process of decentralization in “, Easter 1916”,leads to a deconstruction of colonial power and the defense of the Irish people.

The present paper studies the impacts of colonialism on translation within the framework of post-colonial paradigm. To this end, two translations of Haji Baba of ispahan written by James Morrier, which were carried out during colonial and post-colonial periods, are compared with each other and with the original. This book is a sarcastic story about Iran and Iranian tenets and morale and was later considered a serious book and taught to British Army officers in India who were supposed to go to Iran on mission. The first translation belongs to Mirza Habib Esfahani who translated the book during the rule of Qajar dynasty-which is a period in the history of Iran known for the intervention of colonizing powers. The second translation is done by Mehdi Afshar and is translated after Islamic Revolution in 1979 which is considered the post-colonial period.In the comparison process, expansions and reductions were extracted, analyzed and categorized. Results reflected negative reaction of translators against colonization and colonizers which were more serious during the colonization period and a little subsided in the post-colonial period. It is worth mentioning that the reaction of translators was in line with their political orientation during their lives, according to their biographies.

The postcolonial study is a new research field dealing with the problems of the non-Western countries and their culture through critical discourse analysis. This critical approach covers theoretical approaches which analyze the post-colonial discourse by emphasizing on the consequences of Colonialism. Due to the emergence of new issues, the scope of postcolonial studies is a very vast subject which stems from strong interest in different issues of this field, including a range of studies from literary critique and theory to political economic issues, colonial governments, identity, culture, etc. This vastness has caused some ambiguities and controversies between researchers of this field. Hence, it is necessary to be more precise in the approaches and indicators of this field. Attempts have been made in the present paper to shed light on the postcolonial subjects, problems and approaches in order to be more accurate understanding this field and having a closer look at the ties between this field of cultural studies and political studies.

he formative period of Alatas’ thought was that of colonialism, particularly in British Malaya and the Netherlands East Indies. While a student at the University of Amsterdam in the 1950s, he wrote his first piece on the problems of colonialism. Here, he divided the problems created by colonialism into three categories. The third category is the non-material, that is, the sociological, psychological and moral problems created by colonialism. Alatas believed that the greatest damage that colonialism brought about was in this third area and it was this problem that hampered the solution to many societal problems. It was also during this time that Alatas attached a great deal of importance to the nature of the elite in development. He suggested that the ruling elite which was nurtured in the colonial period lacked a well-integrated system of thought, having been unable to bring about a synthesis between their cultural heritage and Western thought. This chapter described Alatas’ decolonial perspective in terms of his theory, method and context.

Post - colonial studies is among the new studies on third World countries. Post - colonial studies analyses the colonial discourse with a new and critical approach. This article attempts to survey the current situation of third world countries through critical analysis of history and research on colonial governments, the problem of identity and cultural studies.